Chronic Hepatitis B
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Chronic Hepatitis B
Chronic Hepatitis B (CHB) is a persistent viral infection of the liver caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Unlike acute hepatitis B, which resolves on its own within six months, chronic infection lasts for an extended period, often for a lifetime. CHB can lead to serious liver complications, including cirrhosis and liver cancer, making its management crucial for long-term health.
Causes:
Hepatitis B is primarily transmitted through contact with infected blood or other bodily fluids. Common modes of transmission include unprotected sexual contact, sharing of needles or personal items contaminated with infected blood, and from an infected mother to her newborn during childbirth.
Symptoms:
Many individuals with chronic Hepatitis B may not exhibit noticeable symptoms, especially in the early stages. However, as the infection progresses, symptoms and complications may include:
1. Fatigue
2. Abdominal pain or discomfort
3. Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
4. Dark urine
5. Joint pain
6. Nausea and vomiting
Diagnosis:
Diagnosing chronic Hepatitis B involves blood tests that detect specific viral markers, including the presence of the Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and other viral antigens and antibodies. Liver function tests and imaging studies may also be conducted to assess the extent of liver damage.
Stages of Chronic Hepatitis B:
1. Immune Tolerant Phase: The virus replicates freely, and liver damage is minimal.
2. Immune Clearance Phase: The immune system starts actively fighting the virus, causing liver inflammation.
3. Inactive Carrier State: Viral replication decreases, and liver inflammation may improve. However, the virus is still present.
4. HBeAg-Negative Chronic Infection: The immune system continues to control the virus, but liver damage may persist.
5. HBeAg-Positive Chronic Infection: The virus actively replicates, and liver damage progresses.
Treatment:
1. Antiviral Medications: Drugs such as nucleoside/nucleotide analogs (e.g., entecavir, tenofovir) can help suppress viral replication and slow down liver damage.
2. Interferon Therapy: In some cases, especially in adults with certain criteria, interferon injections may be used to boost the immune response against the virus.
3. Regular Monitoring: Regular check-ups, including blood tests and imaging studies, are crucial to monitor liver function and viral load.
4. Liver Cancer Screening: Individuals with chronic Hepatitis B are at an increased risk of developing liver cancer. Regular screenings, such as liver imaging and alpha-fetoprotein tests, may be recommended.
Vaccination:
Vaccination against Hepatitis B is a key preventive measure, particularly for individuals at high risk of exposure, such as healthcare workers, newborns of infected mothers, and those engaging in risky behaviors.
Lifestyle Measures:
Avoiding alcohol : Alcohol can accelerate liver damage in individuals with chronic Hepatitis B.
Practicing safe sex: Using barrier methods, such as condoms, helps prevent the sexual transmission of the virus.
Avoiding sharing needles or personal items: This reduces the risk of transmission through contaminated blood.
Complications:
Untreated chronic Hepatitis B can lead to severe complications, including cirrhosis, liver failure, and an increased risk of liver cancer.
Prognosis:
The prognosis for chronic Hepatitis B varies, but with appropriate medical management, including antiviral therapy, regular monitoring, and lifestyle measures, many individuals can lead healthy lives and manage the condition effectively.